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The aggregation process of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) is important in assessing their fate and transport in the environment. Here, we present the application of isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) in studying the thermodynamics of ENPs' aggregation in aqueous solutions containing monovalent (NaCl) and divalent (CaCl2) electrolytes, natural organic matter, and hematite natural NPs, which enables us to elucidate their interaction mechanism. The free energies for the aggregation of TiO2 at different solution conditions were dominat
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