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Besides, we found a significant decline in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, liver, and muscle of rats treated with acceleration or pyruvate injection, while insulin administration or treatment of promoting insulin secretion markedly alleviated this decline and the impairment of physical and cognitive abilities, compared with the control group. Our results indicate that pyruvate has a negative effect on physical and cognitive abilities after accele