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There were minimal interaction effects between COPD and smoking. The odds of developing depression in a year varied from 1.4% among never smokers without COPD to 2.9.% among current smokers with COPD. CONCLUSION Smoking and COPD are independent risk factors for depression and interact to cause depression. Further research is needed to confirm whether hypoxia contributes to this association. Published by Elsevier Inc.BACKGROUND Long-term childhood and young adult cancer survivors are at increased risk of the late effects of multiple chr