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Positional accuracy at the tip with a load of 5N was under 0.5mm. Mechanical deflection was under 2.1mm. The manually controlled force was under 4.4N. Successful simulated laparoscopic cholecystectomy using the prototype manipulator to handle the target and maintain stability was performed on a surgically realistic gallbladder model. A LODEM with diagonal joints and multi-stage telescopic screws was developed to facilitate minimally invasive, robotically assisted laparoscopic solo surgery by a surgeon working near the patient. This elect