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We recommended 3 s as the optimal time window to predict takeover performance using the random forest classifier, with an accuracy of 84.3% and an F1-score of 64.0%. Our findings have implications for the algorithm development of driver state detection and the design of adaptive in-vehicle alert systems in conditionally automated driving.Risky lane change behavior of drivers normally will pose some negative impacts on traffic safety. To ensure a lane change safe and prevent potential accidents, it is important to recognize some lane-changing conditions with