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Cu(II) could be easily reduced to Cu(I) in the DMF system due to the higher second ionization energy of copper, which is not influenced by the hydration effect, thus shifting the equilibrium to the metal leach side. Oppositely, the addition of water promoted the conversion of Cu(I) to Cu(II) since the higher hydration energy of Cu(II) compensates for the second ionization energy. This research opens up a new path of sustainable development and provides basic theory and practical experience for environmentally friendly recovery of preci

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