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Chemotherapy and immunotherapy yield survival benefits for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients, in which tumor microenvironment has been found to exert crucial roles through tipping the balance between antitumor immunity and immune evasion. Our study aims to explore the clinical significance and therapeutic role of intratumoral interleukin-9-producing cells (IL-9+ cells) in MIBC. Two hundred fifty-nine MIBC patients from two independent clinic centers were utilized for retrospective analysis in the study. Sixty-five fresh MIB