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Long-term administration of morphine for the management of chronic pain will result in tolerance to its analgesic effect and could even cause drug dependence. Numerous studies have demonstrated significant redox alteration in morphine dependence and addiction. Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) play important roles in controlling the cellular redox balance. In recent years, several recent studies have demonstrated that Trx-1 may be a promising novel therapeutic target for morphine addiction. In this article, we firstly review the redox alteration in
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