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Furthermore, roflumilast also significantly decreased elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α (p less then 0.01), IL-6 (p less then 0.01), IFN-γ (p less then 0.05), NF-κB (p less then 0.05) and significantly increased BDNF(p less then 0.05) in the striatum and cortex of rat brain. The results further demonstrated that roflumilast effectively increased the gene expression of cAMP(p less then 0.05), CREB(p less then 0.05) and decreased the gene expression of PDE4 (p less then 0.05) in qRT-PCR. These results conclusively depicted that