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Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is cytosolic surveillance receptor of the innate immune system capable of recognizing the bacterial and viral infections. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is the minimal immunoreactive unit of murein. NOD2 perceives MDP as pathogen-associated molecular pattern, thereby triggering an immune response with undesirable side-effects. Beneficial properties of MDP, such as pro-inflammatory characteristics for the rational design of new vaccine adjuvants, can be harnessed by strategically re-designing th