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defibrillator placement. In heart failure (HF) with sinus rhythm, resting and exercise heart rates correlate with exercise capacity and mortality. However, in HF with atrial fibrillation (AF), this correlation is unknown. Our aim is to investigate the association of resting and exercise ventricular rates (VRs) with exercise capacity and mortality in HF with AF. We identified 903 patients with HF and AF referred for cardiopulmonary stress testing. AF was defined as history of AF and AF during cardiopulmonary stress testing. We constructed multivariab