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05), and the proinflammatory mediators, C-C motif chemokine ligand 19 (P less then 0.01), C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 9 (P less then 0.01), and interleukin-6 receptor (P less then 0.001), compared with S rat ischemic kidneys, as assessed by quantitative PCR assay. Reciprocal renal transplantation documented that CD40 exclusively expressed in the kidney contributes to ischemia-induced renal fibrosis. Furthermore, human CD40-knockout proximal tubule epithelial cells suggested that suppression of CD40 signaling significantly inhibited ex