That $30 billion shortfall meant that the transmission system failed to maintain tempo with load progress. EPRI assumes that load development will continue sooner or later, as it has in latest a long time, and that an investment of $5 billion per year continues to be needed to satisfy it. In addition, $1.5 billion per yr for 20 years shall be required to make up for the 1985–1999 investment shortfall. Although the hardware prices of these measurement units themselves are modest, they need to be retrofitted into the 1000's of present substations at vital price. • Proper selection of non-unifo