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Insomnia commonly co-occurs with depression, chronic pain, and opioid use. Both insomnia and chronic opioid analgesic use (OAU) are independent risk factors for a new depression episode (NDE). This study determined if the association between longer OAU duration and NDE was stronger in those with versus without insomnia. Retrospective cohort. Veterans Health Administration electronic medical records (2000-2012). New opioid users in follow-up (2002-2012), free of depression for two years prior to follow-up, and aged 18-80 (n = 70,997). N