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The transfer of these elements to V. vinifera might confer less particular therefore stronger opposition. Right here, we describe the generation of transgenic V. vinifera lines constitutively revealing the V. riparia E3 ubiquitin ligase gene VriATL156. Phenotypic and molecular analysis revealed that the transgenic flowers were less susceptible to P. viticola than vector-only settings, guaranteeing the part for this E3 ubiquitin ligase within the innate protected response. Two independent t