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The stimulation could occur by way of IL-6 / JAK2 / STAT3 / SOCS3 and NF-κB (p65)/IL-18, which work together to induce AKI and increase overall renal-related diagnostic markers, such as plasma creatinine and tubular cell damage. In addition, the functioning of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway may be determined by nicotine. Pharmacological nicotine products are widely available, and their role in COVID-19-mediated AKI can be further evaluated. The research team concluded that the dysregulation of the cholinergic anti-inflammator