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When a person takes alternative forms of the same test across replications of the testing procedure, the test taker's observed scores on the alternative forms are rarely identical. In educational and psychological measurement, inconsistencies in a test taker's scores that are irrelevant to the construct being measured are attributed to errors of measurement. Typically, errors of measurement are summarized as the standard deviation of a test taker's observed scores over replication of the same testing procedure. Assuming that errors of