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p-AKT and p-ERK was increased in asthmatic mice and decreased in mice with TiO2 treatment. p-AKT and p-ERK was decreased in NHBE cells treated with TiO2 and HDM extracts. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was higher in NHBE cells treated with TiO2 or HDM extracts; however, this was decreased by concurrent TiO2 and HDM extracts treatment. Our data suggest that particulate matter contributes to airway epithelial barrier dysfunction and results in airway inflammation and responsiveness.Hydrogels are widely used in the biomedical