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River biofilms are a suitable indicator of toxic stress in aquatic ecosystems commonly exposed to various anthropogenic pollutants from industrial, domestic, and agricultural sources. Among these pollutants, heavy metals are of particular concern as they are known to interfere with various physiological processes of river biofilm, directly or indirectly related to photosynthetic performance. Nevertheless, only limited toxicological data are available on the mechanisms and toxicodynamics of heavy metals in biofilms. Pulse Amplitude Modula