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OBJECTIVES The crosstalk between the immune and nervous system in the regulation of OA pain is increasingly becoming evident. GM-CSF signals in both systems and might be a new treatment target to control OA pain. Anti GM-CSF treatment has analgesic effects in OA without affecting synovitis scores, suggesting that treatment effects are not caused by local anti-inflammatory effects. We aimed to evaluate whether expression of GM-CSF and its receptor GM-CSFrα in synovial tissue is linked to synovial inflammation and/or knee pain in knee OA