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When hydrolyzable cations such aluminum interact with solid-water interfaces, macroscopic interfacial properties (e.g., surface fee and possible) and interfacial phenomena (e.g., particle adhesion) become tightly related to the microscopic details of ion adsorption and speciation. We use within situ atomic power microscopy to directly image individual aluminum ions at a mica-water interface and show exactly how adsorbate populations change with pH and aluminum activity. Complementa