https://www.selleckchem.com/pr....oducts/autophinib.ht
ttenuates pain by releasing opioid peptides from the infiltrating macrophages in mice. The opioids were secreted by IL-4 in the intracellular Ca2+-dependent manner and activated local peripheral opioid receptors. These actions represent a novel mode of IL-4 action, since its releasing properties have not been so far reported. Importantly, our findings suggest that the IL-4-opioid system should be targeted in the peripheral damaged tissue, since this can be devoid of central and systemic side effects.Gαs-coupled receptors signaling th