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In highly vocal species, territorial aggression is often accompanied using vocalizations. These vocalizations can play a critical role in determining the outcome of male-male agonistic interactions. For this, vocalizations of contestants must contain information that is indicative of each competitor's fighting ability as well as its identity, and also contestants must be able to perceive information about the physical attributes, quality and identity of the vocalizer. Here, we used adult male Great Himalayan leaf-nosed bats (Hipposider