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Increased colonic paracellular permeability correlated positively with zonulin amounts in IBS biopsies, but negatively with plasma zonulin. We found no arrangement between circulating zonulin and pre-HP2. Genotyping revealed non-specificity for the zonulin system, as all pre-HP2 non-producers presented noticeable amounts. Patients with CeD exhibited higher pre-HP2 and zonulin levels compared to HC. A gluten-free diet in patients with CeD resulted in lower serum zonulin and