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05) and anxiety-like behavior (p less then 0.05) on postoperative day 3. Surgical trauma and anesthesia enhanced ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) expression (p less then 0.001), increased the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β (p less then 0.001) and IL-6 (p less then 0.001), and inhibited SCFA production (p less then 0.001) on postoperative day 3. The expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was also decreased (p less then 0.001). Overall, surgical trauma and anesthesia exacerbated cognitive impairment,