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BACKGROUND We investigated the prognostic value of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, tumor-infiltrating CD8-positive T cell status, and their combination in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Their association with PD-L1 expression and vascular formation was further explored. METHOD Using a database of 387 patients who underwent hepatic resection for HCC, immunohistochemical staining of PD-L1, CD8, and CD34 was performed. Additionally, we undertook an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1). RESULTS Compared