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In the photonic design problem, a scientist or engineer chooses the physical parameters of a device to best match some desired device behavior. Many instances of the photonic design problem can be naturally stated as a mathematical optimization problem that is computationally difficult to solve globally. Because of this, several heuristic methods have been developed to approximately solve such problems. These methods often produce very good designs, and, in many practical applications, easily outperform 'traditional' designs that re