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In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the effects of inhaled corticosteroids are predicted by blood eosinophil counts. We previously briefly reported increased immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgM levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of COPD patients with higher (eosinophilhigh ) compared to lower (eosinophillow ) blood eosinophils (250/μL versus less then 150/μL), suggesting differences in adaptive immune function. An inverse relationship exists between eosinophil counts and airway pathogenic bacteria levels. The mechanistic rea