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The aim of this study was to evaluate thermal effects of ceramic and metal implant drills during implant site preparation using a standardised bovine model. A total of 320 automated intermittent osteotomies of 10- and 16-mm drilling depths were performed using zirconium dioxide-based and stainless steel drills. Various drill diameters (2.0/ 2.2, 2.8, 3.5, 4.2mm ∅) and different cooling methods (without/ with external saline irrigation) were investigated at room temperature (21±1°C). Temperature changes were recorded in real time using two
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