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Ammonia and thermal stress frequently have harmful effects on aquatic animals. The intestine is an important barrier allowing the body to defend against stress. In this study, we investigated the intestinal microbiota and transcriptomic and metabolomic responses of Litopenaeus vannamei subjected to individual and combined ammonia and thermal stress. The results showed that obvious variation in the intestinal microbiota was observed after stress exposure, with increased levels of Firmicutes and decreased levels of Bacteroidetes and Planct
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