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This study aims to assess the toxicity of the commonly-spread titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) by evaluating the exposure impact of the particles on both freshwater algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa and zebrafish liver cell line (ZFL), the two common in vitro models in toxicological studies. To compare the toxic effects of TiO2 NPs with different physiochemical properties, three types of manufactured TiO2 were used bulk TiO2, Degussa P25 TiO2, and ultrafine TiO2 NPs. Both short and long-term biological responses of green algae, suc