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Upon the C-doping, new energy level was introduced within the bandgap of ZnO that lowers its bandgap energy by 0.35 eV. Additionally, the charge carrier density of ZnO increased and the flat band potential showed positive shift. These, together with the 1D nature of the photocatalysts, enhanced the photocatalytic activity of pristine ZnO by ~58% and 2.8 folds faster kinetics. Mechanistic study showed that hydroxyl radicals were the most active reactive species responsible for the caffeine molecule degradation. This study underscores that