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Gold dinar of Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur (r. Al-Musta'in was the only Cairo-based mostly Abbasid caliph to even briefly hold political power. The Abbasid "shadow" caliph of Cairo reigned under the tutelage of the Mamluk sultans and nominal rulers used to legitimize the actual rule of the Mamluk sultans. Since Murad I's conquest of Edirne in 1362, the caliphate was claimed by the Turkish sultans of the empire. Islamic conquests expanded under Mahmud of Ghazni within the twelfth century CE, resulting in the establishment of the Ghaznavid Empire within the Indus R
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