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Compared to non-smoking mothers. maternal age was lower in smoking mothers with no significant difference in other demographic variables. There was no difference in levels of cytokines, anti-angiogenic factors and PlGF between the two groups. Median TGF-β1 levels were significantly higher in the smoking group (8120 pg/mL vs 6040 pg/mL, p 0.001) and remained significant after controlling for confounders. TGF-β1 levels correlated positively with cotinine levels in the smoking group. We speculate that higher TGF-β1 levels may explain the reduced