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Herein, we report the total and semisyntheses of a series of polymyxin analogues with 2-Thr and 10-Thr modifications to reveal the structure-activity relationship (SAR), which has not been fully elucidated previously. We employed two total-synthetic strategies to facilitate the diversified replacements on 2-Thr or 10-Thr, respectively. Moreover, semisynthetic approaches were utilized to achieve selective esterification of 2-Thr or dual esterification of both 2- and 10-Thr. Based on the results of in vitro antibacterial assays, SAR ana