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7%) or in combination with shunt surgery (9.7%), or endoscopic magendieplasty (12.9%). Treatment failure was noted in 28.6% of ETVs and 9% of craniotomies. No failures were recorded after endoscopic magendieplasty. The risk of treatment failure was found to be significantly higher with ETV compared with other treatment modalities (P 0.0005). Despite the fact that PFVOO can be defined as an obstructive hydrocephalus, there seems to be a higher risk of ETV failure in such cases. The alternative treatment modalities presented ar