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We then wanted to establish whether PNS exposure could also affect the neurodevelopmental trajectories in order to identify the most critical temporal window. We found that PNS rats show the most significant changes during adolescence (between PND 40 versus PND 21), with alterations of several pathways related to stress, inflammation and metabolism, which were maintained until adulthood. E-cigarettes may have the potential to be an effective cessation aid for some cigarette smokers. However, the extent to which smokers' experiences using e-cigarettes (vapin