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We developed sequential filtration (MF/UF-NF) to investigate biopolymers' behaviours in NF process. The results showed that the accumulation of biopolymers on NF membranes can mitigate fouling by providing a protective layer in which medium-low molecular weight (MW) materials (e.g. humic substances) are separated by adsorption and/or size exclusion. The protective layers assisted by biopolymers were seen to be thicker under scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation and characterized by higher roughness (i.e. three-dimensional, spac