https://www.selleckchem.com/pr....oducts/pd-166866.htm
We establish the quantum fluctuations ΔQ_B^2 of the charge Q_B accumulated at the boundary of an insulator as an integral tool to characterize phase transitions where a direct gap closes (and reopens), typically occurring for insulators with topological properties. The power of this characterization lies in its capability to treat different kinds of insulators on equal footing, being applicable to transitions between topological and nontopological band, Anderson, and Mott insulators alike. In the vicinity of the phase transition, we f
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