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Exosomes may contain excess cellular components released by cells in response to harmful external stimuli to maintain cellular homeostasis. Inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), can induce cell apoptosis, alter cellular component expression levels, and stimulate exosome release. In this study, we examined whether exosomes released from nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) under inflammatory conditions could induce normal NP cell apoptosis in rats and its underlining mechanism. Exosomes were isolated from TNF-α-tr