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This study aimed to explore the in vitro and in vivo roles of macrophages in the osteogenesis stimulated by BMP2-CPC. In vitro, the alteration of macrophage polarization and cytokine secretion induced by BMP2-CPC or CPC was investigated. The influence of conditioned medium derived from BMP2-CPC- or CPC-stimulated macrophages on the migration and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs were evaluated. The in vivo relationship between macrophage polarization and osteogenesis was examined in a rabbit calvarial defect model. The in vitro results in