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Unlike β - and β -adrenergic receptors (ARs), β -AR stimulation inhibits cardiac contractility and relaxation. In the failing left ventricular (LV) myocardium, β -ARs are upregulated, and can be maladaptive in the setting of decompensation by contributing to LV dysfunction. This study examined the effects of intravenous infusions of the β -AR antagonist APD418 on cardiovascular function and safety in dogs with systolic heart failure (HF). Three separate studies were performed in 21 dogs with coronary microembolization-induced HF (LV ejec